The Data Communications And Networking Forouzan 5th Edition Pdf brings the beginning student right to the forefront of the latest advances in the field, while presenting the fundamentals in a clear, straightforward manner.
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These cookies do not store any personal information. Skip to content. Related Articles E. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Privacy Overview This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Privacy Overview. Necessary Always Enabled. Layer 2 takes the plaintext from layer 3, encrypts it, and delivers it to layer 1.
Layer 2 takes the ciphertext from layer 1, decrypts it, and delivers it to layer 3. In 10 years, the number of hosts becomes about six times 1. This means the number of hosts connected to the Internet is more than three billion. The system transmits bytes for a byte message.
The advantage of using large packets is less overhead. When using large packets, the number of packets to be sent for a huge file becomes small. Since we are adding three headers to each packet, we are sending fewer extra bytes than in the case in which the number of packets is large. The disadvantage manifests itself when a packet is lost or corrupted during the transmission; we need to resend a large amount of data.
The network layer is responsible for route determination. The physical layer is the only layer that is connected to the transmission media. The application layer provides services for the end users. User datagrams are created at the transport layer. The data-link layer is responsible for handling frames between adjacent nodes. The physical layer is responsible for transforming bits to electromagnetic signals. There should be an upper-layer identifier in the header of the IP protocol to define to which upper-layer protocol the encapsulated packet belongs.
The identifier is called the protocol field See Figure The following shows the situation.
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